The Flag Resolution Act Of The United States - 1623 Words

On June 14, 1787, The Second Continental Congress passed the Flag Resolution Act that states: That the flag of the thirteen United States be thirteen stripes, alternate red and white; that the union be thirteen stars, white in a blue field, representing a new constellation.†(Cite) Flag Day is observed on every June 14 for the sacred symbol of the United States of America of what is the Flag. As each star increased on the flag, turmoil on how the flag should or should not be treated also grew. Many americans, including myself, see it a national symbols that need no discretion what so ever. This including punishment under the law and from public policies. Some protesters, mainly libertarians saw the symbol as the face of the government†¦show more content†¦In any event, three-fourths of the state legislatures must ratify the amendment for it to become a permanent part of the Constitution. Supporters of the amendment believed to have honored for the fallen men and women who sacrifice for this country. Especially for those who commit the ultimate sacrifice. Opposition for the proposed amendment included that the government would infringe on their given rights by the government in the preamble and the 1st amendment. With the support of the judicial review of the case Texas vs Johnson (1989) and other Supreme Court cases, the opposition makes a strong constitutional case against the rest of the branches of government. The Opposition of the amendment would believe that the government would suppress the rights of of the rest of the country, for a small minority, the supporters of the amendment. A 1931 Supreme Court case, Stromberg v. California, set the first precedent for the use of a flag in an act of symbolic speech under the First Amendment, when the Court struck down a California law that banned the flying of a red flag to protest against the government. More than five decades later, Congress passed Flag Protection Act in 1968. The Act was response to the Vietnam protests of the unfavorable Vietnam war. Protesters started the tradition of desecrating the flag, including burning the flag. For more than 20 years, the lower court upheld the act and the Supreme Court deniedShow MoreRelatedThe National Standards Of The World834 Words   |  4 Pagesa red, white and blue flag. A flag with thirteen horizontal stripes, equal in width, and fifty white five-pointed stars in a blue rectangle in the upper-left corner. A flag that symbolizes the unity and strength of the country. As the flag is flown all over the nation it proudly holds the name of the American Flag. As many people see the flag some may begin to wonder why the American Flag is red, white, and blue and what the meaning of the flag is. The United States Flag is the third oldest ofRead MoreThe Flag Of The Civil War Essay1418 Words   |  6 Pages When the flag was first adopted as the national symbol on June 14, 1777 it received very little interest or public display. Not until the outbreak of the Civil War nearly 80 years later did it become an object of public adoration to the North. After the Civil War the flag became increasingly visible with the commercialization of a wide range of products, modern advertising developed from the rapid postwar industrialization. It was then in 1890, union veterans began to protest the use the AmericanRead MoreThe Civil Liberties Of The United States1997 Words   |  8 PagesAmerica is a home for people to be free from religious persecution; or at least that is what the nation was found on. As time goes on, it seem as if the foundation of religious freedom that the United States of America was found has been forgotten. The United States government at its earliest establish ment had set forth a set of freedoms for all people to feel safe from any persecution. In order to make these a set of established rights, the founding fathers created the U.S. Constitution that holdsRead MoreShould There Be A Constitutional Amendment Prohibiting Flag Burning?1637 Words   |  7 Pagesamendment prohibiting flag burning? 1) Describe the issue. Who, what, when, where, why, etc. Some people believe that burning the flag is extremely unpatriotic and disrespectful, while others believe it is an expression of free speech, which is protected under the First Amendment in the United States constitution. In 2006, a flag burning amendment was formally proposed in congress and failed to pass by just one vote. The closeness of this vote is a clear indication that flag burning is a very Read MoreSix Day War Research Paper1457 Words   |  6 PagesSigns of a Firm Alliance The United States and Israel developed a strong bond following the latter’s independence and war against the Arabs. Israel became one of the major American allies in the Middle East, and the United States government readily provided extensive economic and military support. The first instance of this support was in 1962, when the Kennedy administration sold Hawk missiles to Israel. Since then, â€Å"over $100 billion†¦ of military aid and technology transfers to Israel†¦ over theRead MoreMidterm Exam Draft ( Parts 11726 Words   |  7 PagesBrad Wyzykowski Professor Gerber HIS300 4/5/2017 Midterm Exam Draft (Parts 1 2) Part 1 This debate is set April 12, 1861 between a congressman from New Haven, Connecticut, of the United States of America and a congressman from Jackson, Mississippi, of the Confederate States of America. Each congressman is very well informed of the issues leading up to the Civil War. They will debate over a variety of different issues that include secession validity, race relations, a plan to win the war, andRead MoreThe Alien And Sedition Acts1274 Words   |  6 Pagesstrength. In the development of the United States, one such set of acts played a key role in the way unto which this nation was formed and continues to affect it today. The Alien and Sedition Acts changed American ideology in the 18th Century and again influences the nation in the current era. By first understanding what the Alien and Sedition Acts were, how they shaped the nation s development, and their role in America today, the importance and influence that these acts had, will become prevalent andRead More Westward Expansion Essay1520 Words   |  7 Pages WESTWARD EXPANSION The movement of people that has resulted in the settlement of America is one of the most fascinating and significant topics in the history of the United States. Nowhere else has an area of equal size been settled as a result of the initiative of small groups and individuals. Westward expansion helped stimulate the American economy. The first organized migration to California originated in Platte County, on the far western frontier of Missouri. Reports described CaliforniaRead MoreArctic Ice Disputes: Another Cold War1128 Words   |  4 Pagesa real life example of capture the flag, a plethora of resources in numbers never seen before wait on the top of the hill, while militaries from around the globe race to the base to be the next world power. In an attempt to retain control over the area, the eight member nations of the Arctic Council are trying to find a fair way to distribute resources. But this dispute over territories is pitting friend against foe and against friend. Already, the United States of America and Canada are in a diplomaticRead MoreFlag Desecration Essay5209 Words   |  21 PagesFlag Desecration The issue of flag desecration has been and continues to be a highly controversial issue; on the one side there are those who believe that the flag is a unique symbol for our nation which should be preserved at all costs, while on the other are those who believe that flag burning is a form of free speech and that any legislation designed to prevent this form of expression is contrary to the ideals of the First Amendment to our Constitution. Shawn Eichman, as well as the majority

The Legalization Of Illegal Immigrants - 3636 Words

Americans have the idea of illegal immigrants having a huge effect in the United States and giving an impact to political issues. Thousands of immigrants migrate to the United States yearly and increase the number of workers and consumers; giving U.S. Citizens a form of competition in employment. As of 2012, an estimated amount of 11.5 million immigrants have covered the entire United States population, giving a 59% illegally immigrants migrated from Mexico and a 25% from other countries. Mexicans are the vast majority of immigrants who come and pursue the â€Å"American Dream† but due to the political changes throughout the years, it has been more difficult for them to move up and start a life after crossing the border, though it has never been easy to come across. The Unites States offers more than what their country does which is why they choose to come and settle down to look up for a better living. It is not a huge concern the population should have towards illegal immigr ants; as we can find those with well morals following the idea of becoming a hard worker and helping their families; as also helping the government with quotas and those with crucial intentions that may harm the government. My theory is that these innocent immigrants should have the opportunity in the United States to follow up and gain some benefits that will help them become characterized as more of a citizen and not considered an â€Å"alien†. Immigrants have no intentions to harm anyone; there idea is toShow MoreRelatedThe Legalization Of Illegal Immigrants917 Words   |  4 Pages â€Å"Will I be next?† Is just one of the question every immigrant that gets to the United States will ask when they see a family member or friend get sent back home. Just like many, Jose Antonio Vargas, who wrote â€Å"Not Legal Not Leaving,† is an immigrant that got here illegally secretly and working here secretly fake identity, until he came out publicly. He believes that the re isn’t much choice but live by a fake identity. One of the many issues that Vargas encounters is the comments and questions fromRead MoreThe Movement Of Undocumented Immigrants1308 Words   |  6 Pages The movement of undocumented immigrants has been a major concern in both the United States and in Europe over the past few years. Frequently, politicians talk about this issue in broad, general statements that appeal to emotion as much as logic, if not more. This style of discussion is often not based on facts, research, or theory, but instead makes use of seemingly ‘invented’ data points and ungrounded opinions. In this paper, a number of potential policies the United States government could enactRead MoreIllegal Immigrants in the United States613 Words   |  3 Pageswho are illegal immigrants. There have been certain proposed policy responses that vary from more restrictive border and workplace enforcement to the legalization of workers who are already he re. Using the U.S. Applied General Equilibrium, it’s possible to weigh in the impact on such factors like public revenues and expenditures, the occupational mix and total employment of U.S. workers, the amount of capital owned by U.S households, and price levels for imports and exports. Legalization of immigrantRead MoreResearch Paper On Illegal Immigrant1314 Words   |  6 PagesJoaquim B. Amado Composition I December, 3 Research Paper on Illegal Immigrant The immigration is an important phenomenon that exists throughout human history and the United States of America is not an exception of this â€Å"rule†. People leave their motherland to travel to different continent, country, island or state for many different reasons. Among these reasons (business, education, asylum and so on) it is very important to highlight one of the most sensitive: the economic reason or theRead MoreMass Legalization For Unauthorized Immigrants1619 Words   |  7 Pagesrecent push to provide amnesty for millions of illegal immigrants in today’s society has become a very contentious issue for Americans. While most United States citizens agree that illegal immigrants violate the basic core of fundamental immigration laws, there remains an unprecedented controversy regarding the possibility of granting amnesty to this growing sector of the population. While some citizens may argue that a mass legalization of immigrants could spark growth in t he United States, othersRead MoreAnnotated Bibliography on Deportations1389 Words   |  6 Pagescan cause this country. The issue of illegal immigration has been an active debate in congress for the last few years. During the presidency of George W. Bush and Barack Obama, the enforcement of deportation has increased. The author mentioned three options that are in congress’ debate and promise to restore the immigration system. The first is to invest billions of dollars into immigration enforcement, which could reduce the quantity of illegal immigrants in the U.S. This option is very unrealisticRead MoreUndocumented Immigrants Should Not Be Illegal1082 Words   |  5 Pagesreform was passed. It claimed that US create a tough but fair path to citizenship for unauthorized immigrants currently living in the US. Since then the problem â€Å"Should Undocumented Immigrants Have a Path to Citizenship?† has been risen to the stage of politics. Many governor and citizen t hink there should have some path for undocumented immigrants to gain citizenship. By helping the undocumented immigrant to get citizenship could boost the United Stated economy development, bring in more talent peopleRead MoreLegalization For Hard Working Immigrants890 Words   |  4 Pagespossibility of legalization for hard-working immigrants. Despite of the negative meaning associated with it, an immigration reform would be beneficial to the U.S. in social aspects, such as having undivided families, and by stimulating economic growth. A common misconception is that legalizing illegal immigrants would just result in â€Å"criminals† running around the streets causing disturbances. Who is ignored is the benefit of a very specific population of Americans, the sons and daughters of illegal immigrantsRead MoreNeighbor Relations:. An Immigration Problem Between The1215 Words   |  5 PagesAct of 1986 VI. Illegal Immigration problem VII. Conclusion I. Introduction The United States has always been considered a country of immigrants; immigrants from all the parts of the world have come to America in search of the â€Å"American Dream.† In recent years, there has been an increase in immigration coming from Mexico. Mexican immigrants come in search of better opportunities for them and their families. There are two types of immigration: legal and illegal. Legal immigrationRead MoreIn The Late 1800S, People In Many Parts Of The World Decided1548 Words   |  7 Pagespersonal freedom or relief from political and religious persecution. With hope for a brighter future, nearly 12 million immigrants arrived in the United States between 1870 and 1900. During the 1870s and 1880s, the vast majority of these people were from Germany, Ireland, and England--the principal sources of immigration before the Civil War.There are always very strict immigrant policies to which individuals should adhere, but these policies are often bent every now and then to suit the interests

Political History of Rome-Free-Samples for Students Myassignment

Question: Discuss about the Political History of Rome. Answer: The political history of the ancient Rome is highly intertwined with the military history of the empire. The Roman military is an integral part of Rome from the time of its origin as a peninsular state in Italy in the early 8th century BC to its huge expansion in the Western and Southern Europe, Northeast as well as North Africa to finally its decline in the 5th Century AD (Ronald and Mats). The history of the Roman military starts with its initial defence actions against the conquests of Italy's hilltop neighbours to the ultimate struggle of existence against the invasions of Vandals, Huns and other German barbarian Tribe. The expertise of the military force of Rome is the chief reason behind its successful invasion and expansion over the Mediterranean. The whole process of Rome from being a republic to an empire can be segmented into 4 crucial periods. During the first period of expansion, Rome became a republic by killing the last Etruscans King. Considering the fact that Rome was suffering from a shortage of land to provide enough accommodation to their residents, expansion of the kingdom through invention was highly crucial for them. In order to expand their territory, Rome conquered its neighbour kingdom along with several Greek City states. By the end of 264 BC, Romes conquest o the Italian Peninsula was complete (Edward). However, the Kingdom understood the need for a more empowered military force when it was attacked by a band of warlike people travelling from the north, who were popularly known as the Gauls. The Gauls invaded and completely ruined the Roman empire (Thomas, Frederick and Martin). They looted the city, burned a majority of the houses and resources and completely crushed the Roman army. At that point of time, the Roman understood a need for a stronger and larger military force. The Army needed to be large enou gh so that a portion of the army could be kept in the homeland to protect it while another portion could be used for expansion of the kingdom. In order to build a larger military force, more and more citizens of Rome were forced to serve the army. Along with the citizens, individuals from the conquered land were also forced to join the army. The gradual growth of Rome acted as a threat to one of the largest kingdoms at that period of time, namely, the Carthage, located in North Africa. During the second period of expansion, the Roman Military had to fight three major wars popularly known as Punic wars. During the first Punic War, North Africa along with major parts of Spain and Parts off Sicily Island was under the kingdom of Carthage (David). The first Punic war between Rome and Carthage initiated with the invasion of Rome over the Greek City States that was under the kingdom of Carthage. Considering the fact that the war was fought mostly in the sea, Rome who did not have an efficient navy, develop an efficient navy army by imitating the navy system of the Carthaginians ships. This efficient strategy helped Rome to gain victory over Sicily as well as other Islands. In the second war of Punic, Italy was attacked by the Carthaginian general Hannibal. However, after 15 years of the war, Hannibal was forced to return to Ca rthage in order to prevent the Roman attack (John). Thus, Rome successfully defeated Carthage and conquered Spain. Finally, in the third Punic war, Rome attacked Carthage and conquered it. With the victory over Carthage, Rome became the major power in the Mediterranean region with entire North Africa, Spain and Greece under its control. However, as a result of the war, Rome suffered from the huge loss of lives and property. Firms were destroyed and as a result, there was a scarcity of food. During its third period of expansion that is between 155 and 44 BC, Rome became the ruler of the entire Mediterranean world (Arthur). For the dominance of Rome over the Mediterranean region, the major credit goes to two of the most renowned Military general of Rome, mainly General Pompey and Julius Cesar. While General Pompey had expanded the above-mentioned empire into the eastern parts of Asia Minor that included Syria and Cyprus, General Julius Cesar had captured majority portion of the Gaul and Egypt. With the conquest of the Mediterranean region, Rome became one of the wealthiest kingdoms in the world. However, while prosperity was the beneficial side of Roman conquest, Rome also faced several issues while controlling and maintaining the dominance over the huge invaded area. The conquered lands were subjected to pay tax to the Roman Empire and send soldiers to the Roman army. Besides that, the slaves who were being brought by the Roman Army were severely tortured by the army for ces. This resulted in frequent revolution. A slave named Spartacus had revolted in 73 BC (Charles). The Roman Soldiers, however, killed Spartacus in the battle along with killing an innumerable number of slaves brutally. Due to expansion Rome also faced financial crisis. Since a majorly of laborious works were done by the slaves, Roman farmers became jobless and crowded the city. Thus Roman conquerors started facing issues in controlling the expansion. The trouble took a huge form when power battle started between the Military Generals of Rome. Civil wars broke out and Julius Caesar gained the control of Rome. After Ceaser was murdered, his adopted son Octavian became the sole ruler of Rome. He falsely acted that he was restoring the authority of the Senate in order to gain the favour of the Roman Citizens. He further incorporated eastern kingdoms of Armenia and Judea in the kingdom. From the above discussion, it can be clearly understood that the efficiency of the Military force of Rome enabled the kingdom to successfully expand its borders and extend its control over the Mediterranean. However, it can be understood that as a result of this expansion, Rome had to pay several costs that include loss of lives and money Reference List Blagg, Thomas Frederick Colston, and Martin Millett.The early Roman empire in the west. Oxbow, 2016. Bury, John Bagnell.History of the Later Roman Empire, Vol. 2: From the Death of Theodosius I to the Death of Justinian. Courier Corporation, 2013. Eckstein, Arthur M.Rome enters the Greek East: from anarchy to hierarchy in the Hellenistic Mediterranean, 230-170 BC. John Wiley Sons, 2012. Findlay, Ronald, and Mats Lundahl. "Towards a model of territorial expansion and the limits of empire."The Economics of the Frontier. Palgrave Macmillan, London, 2017. 105-124. Freeman, Charles.Egypt, Greece, and Rome: Civilizations of the ancient Mediterranean. Oxford University Press, 2014. Luttwak, Edward.The Grand Strategy of the Roman Empire: From the First Century CE to the Third. JHU Press, 2016. Mattingly, David J.Imperialism, power, and identity: Experiencing the Roman Empire. Princeton University Press, 2013.

Records Management free essay sample

Topic No 2; Records Management in organizations Prepared by; Abdul Maziko. â€Å"Trust nothing suspect everything† Introduction. †¢ records management is an application of systematic and scientific control to the recorded information required in the operation of an organization’s business (Robek et al , 1995) †¢ Records Management:Systematical control of records in their entire lifecycle, that is, from creation to Disposition. Recordkeeping:a process of maintaining, distributing, indexing and storing records for proper use. REASONS FOR MANAGING RECORDS: a) Because they are a key resource like personnel, finance, stores are to an organization. b) Because they save as evidence of the rights and obligations of individuals organizations and the Government. c) Because they enforce and support laws, rules and regulations of organizations. d) Because they provide facts and figures needed to transact business in the organization. ) Because they assist organizations in achieving objectives, monitoring performance of their operations identifying emerging problems and how to solve them. We will write a custom essay sample on Records Management or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Because they minimize customer’s complaints REASONS FOR KEEPING RECORDS: a) Cultural heritage purposes b) Reference purposes c) Investigation/Research purposes d) Answering enquiries/question AIM OF RECORDS MANAGEMENT: Sending the RIGHT records to the RIGHT officers at the RIGHT time with the LEAST possible cost. BENEFITS/ADVANTAGES OF GOOD RECORDS MANAGEMENT: a) Source for improved decision-making ) Faster access to information Importance/role of records management in organizations †¢ To furnish accurate, timely, and complete information for efficient decision making in the management and operation of the organization in a costly manner; †¢ To process recorded information as efficiently as possible. †¢ To render maximum service to the user of records and to ensure the secure storage of vital records which are essential to resume operations in the event of disaster. †¢ To ensure regulatory compliance and minimize litigation risks. i. e. rganizations use records to respond to challenges made against them whether in a court of law, legislators, regulations or Civil society. †¢ To support accountability when they need to justify that they have accomplished their obligations or complied with best practice †¢ Records can also be used for cultural purposes, research or to promote awareness and restore corporate hist ory. Plenary Discussion: What are the indicators of poor records management in public offices? 1. Mixing of active and non-active records [pic] 2. Files piled up on the floor [pic] 3. Files being too bulky [pic] 4. Files cannot be located quickly [pic] 5. Records piled up on working desks [pic] OTHER SYMPTOMS OF POOR RECORDS MANAGEMENT: a) Loss of management information b) Failure to supply ministerial information c) Failure to supply inter departmental information d) Failure to fulfill legal, contractual, statutory responsibilities e) Failure to provide information to the general public f) Failure to follow procedures g) Causing financial loss to third parties h) Public loosing confidence over the Government i) Causing political embarrassment j) Unauthorized disclosure of personal information ) Breach/disclosure of confidentiality on National Security matters or issues PROBLEMS OF POOR RECORDS MANAGEMENT: a) Non-active records being kept unnecessarily long in an office b) Management having no knowledge of number (amount) of files handled and costs involved. c) Staff do not know the procedures d) Random removal of files from the Registry only because of a need for space e) Dissemination of info rmation is done so widely than necessary f) Mail received is not quickly associated with files g) Collection of unwanted information ) Failure to locate files/documents quickly i) Staff maintaining private systems j) No Retention/Disposal Schedules k) Piling up of Files/Records on desks l) Many files are not registered m) Putting documents in wrong files Group Assignment: Outline the major problems facing records management in Tanzania and give opinions on what to be done to suppress the prevailing situation. What are the consequences of poor records keeping in public offices? Home |TANZANIA PUBLIC SERVICE COLLEGE | |

Free Essays on March Of Madness

Listening to the music: Social Problems in Song Mini-Assignment 1 Cory Rossin The song that I have selected with respect to a social problem (Global) is â€Å"March of Death† by Zack De La Rocha lead singer of â€Å"Rage Against Machine†. The intention of this article is to inform the reader of the expressive opinion in reference to the Iraqi war in conjunction with the sociological conflict theory imposed by Karl Marx. â€Å"March of Death implies several messages towards the act of war; consequences and political agendas within the U.S.A. government. â€Å"I won’t toe or defend, instead I curse at murderous men in suits or professionals who act like animals†. This bold statement refers to the new method of colonialism; multi-national corporations who exploit and conquer resources in countries that possess abundant supplies of tangible material and inexpensive labor. Who is in control? Who can repress the American leader, another intriguing statement by the songwriter. Finally the most important message of all, the destructive outcomes of war; thousands of helpless, innocent civilians disfigured and executed by the hands of Goliath himself. The Social problem is evident throughout this song, war and political propaganda a method of achieving the world’s precious energy, oil. In today’s world war is not just a social problem but also a malicious execution of all humanity; in theoretical terms war exhibits all three foundations of a social problem, origin, definition, and treatment (Fleras 2001,10). For conflict theorists war is an inevitable clash between inequalities of wealth, power, privilege, delivered through institutional means within a capitalist system. â€Å"Social problems are inherent in those societies organized around the capitalist principles of profit, competitive individualism, and class conflict† (Fleras 2001,19). â€Å"March of Death† closely reflects the conflict theory by describing religious, ... Free Essays on March Of Madness Free Essays on March Of Madness Listening to the music: Social Problems in Song Mini-Assignment 1 Cory Rossin The song that I have selected with respect to a social problem (Global) is â€Å"March of Death† by Zack De La Rocha lead singer of â€Å"Rage Against Machine†. The intention of this article is to inform the reader of the expressive opinion in reference to the Iraqi war in conjunction with the sociological conflict theory imposed by Karl Marx. â€Å"March of Death implies several messages towards the act of war; consequences and political agendas within the U.S.A. government. â€Å"I won’t toe or defend, instead I curse at murderous men in suits or professionals who act like animals†. This bold statement refers to the new method of colonialism; multi-national corporations who exploit and conquer resources in countries that possess abundant supplies of tangible material and inexpensive labor. Who is in control? Who can repress the American leader, another intriguing statement by the songwriter. Finally the most important message of all, the destructive outcomes of war; thousands of helpless, innocent civilians disfigured and executed by the hands of Goliath himself. The Social problem is evident throughout this song, war and political propaganda a method of achieving the world’s precious energy, oil. In today’s world war is not just a social problem but also a malicious execution of all humanity; in theoretical terms war exhibits all three foundations of a social problem, origin, definition, and treatment (Fleras 2001,10). For conflict theorists war is an inevitable clash between inequalities of wealth, power, privilege, delivered through institutional means within a capitalist system. â€Å"Social problems are inherent in those societies organized around the capitalist principles of profit, competitive individualism, and class conflict† (Fleras 2001,19). â€Å"March of Death† closely reflects the conflict theory by describing religious, ...

What Is Entropy and How to Calculate It

What Is Entropy and How to Calculate It Entropy is defined  as  the quantitative measure of disorder or randomness in a system. The concept comes out of thermodynamics, which deals with the transfer of heat energy within a system. Instead of talking about some form of absolute entropy, physicists generally discuss the change in entropy that takes place in a specific thermodynamic process. Key Takeaways: Calculating Entropy Entropy is a measure of probability and the molecular disorder of a macroscopic system.If each configuration is equally probable, then the entropy is the natural logarithm of the number of configurations, multiplied by Boltzmanns constant: S kB  ln WFor entropy to decrease, you must transfer energy from somewhere outside the system. How to Calculate Entropy In an isothermal process, the change in entropy (delta-S) is the change in heat (Q) divided by the absolute temperature (T): delta-S  Ã‚  Q/T In any reversible thermodynamic process, it can be represented in calculus as the integral from a processs initial state to its  final state of dQ/T. In a more general sense, entropy is a measure of probability and the molecular disorder of a macroscopic system. In a system that can be described by variables, those variables may assume a certain number of configurations. If each configuration is equally probable, then the entropy is the natural logarithm of the number of configurations, multiplied by Boltzmanns constant: S kB  ln W where S is entropy, kB is Boltzmanns constant, ln is the natural logarithm, and W represents the number of possible states. Boltzmanns constant is  equal to 1.38065 Ãâ€" 10−23  J/K. Units of Entropy Entropy is considered to be an extensive property of matter that is  expressed in terms of energy divided by temperature. The SI units of entropy are J/K (joules/degrees Kelvin). Entropy and the Second Law of Thermodynamics One way of stating the second law of thermodynamics is as follows: in any  closed system, the entropy of the system will either remain constant or increase. You can view this as follows: adding heat to a system causes the molecules and atoms to speed up. It may be possible (though tricky) to reverse the process in a closed system without drawing any energy from or releasing energy somewhere else to reach the initial state. You can never get the entire system less energetic than when it started. The energy doesnt have any place to go. For irreversible processes, the combined entropy of the system and its environment always increases. Misconceptions About Entropy This view of the second law of thermodynamics is very popular, and it has been misused. Some argue that the second law of thermodynamics means that a system can never become more orderly. This is untrue. It just means that to become more orderly (for entropy to decrease), you must transfer energy from somewhere outside the system, such as when a pregnant woman draws energy from food to cause the fertilized egg to form into a baby. This is completely in line with the second laws provisions. Entropy is also known as disorder, chaos, and randomness, though all three synonyms are imprecise. Absolute Entropy A related term is absolute entropy, which is denoted by S rather than ΔS. Absolute entropy is defined according to the third law of thermodynamics. Here a constant is applied that makes it so that the entropy at absolute zero is defined to be zero.

Operational Strategies and Change Management Case Study

Operational Strategies and Change Management - Case Study Example Before being acquired by Rendall Graphics, Preston Plant was going through problems mostly related to the quality of the products, which were surprisingly identified the customer, HP. The company was facing many hardships in producing quality products and no concept of control over the product operations. The existing crisis revolving around the quality of products and business operating under loss, the success would have been only possible with occurrence of certain significant events. Concern by HP criticizing the work of Preston Plant which was not able to control the quality of its products which was depicted in the control chart prepared by HP itself for Preston plant, which shows that HP was performance of quality was closely monitored by HP though it was not done by the Plant, worked as a alarm bell for the plant management. Tom Branton, Managing Director, employed cost reduction strategies to bring the company expenditure down by job layoffs and decision was taken to create a portfolio for the plant dedicated to new ideas in order to establish greater confidence in the future sales and an innovative ideas was 'Photowrap' for newsprint that could be re-pulped. According According to Slack et al (2007:566)3 quality is consistent conformance to customers' expectations. The word 'conformance' is stressed upon to meet the specifications set by the customer, ensuring a product or service conforms to specification whereas consistent implies that conformance to specification is not an adhoc. The quality crisis could be diagnosed by reducing the gaps in cusomter specification-operation's specification, the concept specification, the quality specification - actual quality, the actual quality - communicated image which can be done through marketing operations, product/ service development, etc. As per the case study, prior to the acquisition by Rendall Graphics, the management was producing goods which met the specification on the customer, but they did not performed any control check on the product, which was eventually done by HP, which showed the loopholes in the performance of Preston Plant. Preston Plant, after being acquired by Rendall Graphi c underwent massive change in the operation and management wherein the departments were asked to review the day to day performance of the operations which was later put on to debate and discussion once in a month. The result was positive as the processes were coming under control, quality levels were improving and the

Pan-Arabism and Pan-Islamism Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Pan-Arabism and Pan-Islamism - Essay Example eology that involves Islam as an integral part of the regulatory framework of the country (like laws) but they believe that the government needs to separate Islamic religious ideologies and bring more secular sorts of governments and therefore the Islamic teachings merely reflect as a symbol of culture and not integrated in country as a religious marker. Pan-Islamism involves the integration of Islamic states under one Caliphate or a united Islamic state or a European Union sort of international organization based on Islamic principles without taking into consideration the ethnicity while pan-Arabism only involves independence and unity of Arabs without considering religion. As a kind of religious nationalism, the ideology of Pan-Islamism distinguishes itself from rest of ideologies such as Pan-Arabism, by ruling out ethnicity and culture as principal components towards conjugation. Although both are political ideologies involving Arab nations, both have distinct targets. The Pan Arabism originated between the late nineteenth and early twentieth century as the Arab nations of the Middle East acquired more education which in turn brought in a literary and cultural renaissance in the region. This imparted to political agitation and contributed to the independence of majority of Arab states from the European administrations during mid twentieth century and from the Ottoman Empire in 1918. On the other hand, the political movement of Pan-Islamism was started by Sultan Abdul Hamid II, in Turkey, during the end of nineteenth century with the intention to fight against the westernization process and to nurture the unification on the basis of Islamic principles. With the progression of colonialism, Pan-Islamism turned to be a defensive ideology that was directed against the European military, political, missionary and economic penetration. This ideology placed the Turkish sultan as a worldwide caliph and thus all Muslims were obliged to show commitment and obedience

Activation Of T Lymphocytes Essay Example for Free

Activation Of T Lymphocytes Essay Different types of T lymphocytes exist and each type performs a specialized function.   Helper T cells, also known as TH cells, serve as messengers of the immune system.   When helper T cells are activated, these cells proliferate and produce cytokines, which are small proteins that control the extent of immune response that a biological organism will express.   Several types of cytokines exist and each cytokine triggers the maturation of helper T cells into specific subtypes such as helper T cell subtype 1, 2 and 17 (Balandina et al. , 2005). Another type of T lymphocyte is the cytotoxic T cell (CTL), which is also known as the TC cell.   Cytotoxic T cells are responsible for the destruction of cells that were infected by viruses, as well as for the annihilation of tumor cells.   These cells also play a major role in determining whether a cell is normally part of the system or a foreign cell.   Cytotoxic T cells are known to be the first in line to react and reject if an organ transplanted into a recipient is not compatible in terms of tissue compatibility. The cytotoxic T cells that are associated with tissue rejection are designated at CD8+ T cells, based on the idea that these cytotoxic T cells produce a specific CD8 glycoprotein that is displayed on its cell membrane.   These CD8 glycoproteins interact with helper T lymphocytes, of which may trigger its transformation into regulatory T cells.   The major role of regulatory T cells is to inhibit the onset of an autoimmune disorder within the system of the organism. Another type of T lymphocyte is the memory T cell which is produced as soon as an infection occurs in an individual.   These specific T cells continue to circulate in the blood system for several months even when the infection has been stopped.   Memory T cells further differentiate into effector T cells when they find the same antigen that was associated with the previous infection, hence the term memory is appropriate to apply to this type of function.   Two general types of memory T cells include the central and effector cells.  Ã‚   Memory T cells are known to carry either the CD4 or the CD8 glycoprotein on its plasma membrane (Wildin et al., 2001). Regulatory T cells are another type of T lymphocytes that play a crucial role in sustaining the tolerance of the immune system (Khattri et al., 2003).   These T cells were earlier called suppressor T cells and their primary role is to prevent immunity that is caused by other T cells during the later stages of an immune response (Fontenot et al., 2003).   Regulatory T cells are also responsible for inhibiting the immune reaction towards other cells of the body or self cells because this is important in maintaining the stability of the entire immunological system. Specific conditions result in the immune response towards self cells and this is usually observed when the thymus experiences difficulty in distinguishing self cells from non-self or foreign cells.   There are two major types of CD4+ regulatory T cells that have been characterized.   Naturally occurring regulatory T cells originate from the thymus and are sometimes referred to as CD4/CD25/ForP3 T regulatory cells. The other major type of CD4+ regulatory T cell is the adaptive T regulatory cell which is produced when an innate immune response occurs.   This type of cell is also called Tr1 or Th3 cell (Hori et al., 2003).   A distinguishing feature that facilitates is the differentiation of naturally occurring T regulatory cells from the rest of types of T lymphocytes is the occurrence of the FoxP3 molecule that is situated within the cytoplasm.   Research has shown that mutations incurred in the FOXP3 gene results in the inability of regulatory T cells to differentiate, which in turn influences the onset of the lethal condition of autoimmunity. Another type of T lymphocyte is the natural killer T cell which is serves as the communicator between the adaptive and the innate immune systems.   Different from the standard T lymphocyte that identifies protein antigens that are harbored by the major histocompatibility complex (MHC), the natural killer T lymphocytes distinguish glycolipid antigens that are shown by the protein molecule CD1d.   The natural killer T lymphocyte is then activated and subsequently acquires the ability to execute specific functions that are related to Th and Tc cells, including the secretion of cytokines and the expression of cytolytic molecules that are responsible for the destruction of foreign cells that have invaded the body. Gamma-delta T lymphocytes represent a small subtype of T cells that carry a unique receptor on their plasma membrane.   Most of the T lymphocytes carry a receptor that is comprised by two strings of alpha and beta glycoproteins.   In gamma-delta T lymphocytes, the receptor is composed of a gamma and a delta glycoprotein string.   Gamma-delta T lymphocytes are quite rare, comprising only approximately 5% of the entire T lymphocyte population but are found in high concentrations in the epithelial lining of the stomach, as part of population of intraepithelial lymphocytes. Protein antigens that trigger a response from gamma-delta T cells have still yet to be determined.   It is interesting to know that gamma-delta T lymphocytes are not exclusively assigned to carry major histocompatibility complex molecules and are actually capable of identifying entire proteins than simply perceiving short protein chains carried by the major histocompatibility complex molecules on lymphocytes that harbor antigens. There are particular gamma-delta T cells that have the capacity to identify a specific type of major histocompatibility complex molecules, specifically class IB.   In the human immune system, the Vgamma9/Vdelta2 T lymphocyte makes up the majority of the gamma-delta T lymphocyte population that is circulating in the bloodstream.   These specific T lymphocytes have the function of quickly reacting to a tiny metabolite that originates from microorganisms, known as the isopentenyl pyrophosphate precursor.   Another type of T lymphocyte is the autoaggressive T cell which is highly specialized based on its ability to secrete the CD40 protein molecule (Miura et al., 2004).   CD40 is generally linked to T lymphocytes that present fragments of an antigen and this protein molecule is commonly produced by a subtype of T helper lymphocytes. Th40 cells are present in all human beings but the levels of this specific type of cells quickly increase during conditions of autoimmunity.   In patients diagnosed with type 1 diabetes mellitus, the Th40 cells usually react to self-antigens.   In the case of patients diagnosed with non-autoimmune individuals, the Th40 lymphocytes do not react with these antigens.   An important function of the CD40 protein molecule on T lymphocytes is to trigger the recombinase proteins RAG1 and RAG2 in directing the receptor of a T lymphocyte. The receptor of a T lymphocyte serves as the route through which a T lymphocyte is able to identify a specific antigen.   It has been determined that the two recombinase proteins be produced exclusively in the thymus during the development of T lymphocytes.   It was, however, observed that the RAG proteins were secreted again by the T lymphocytes that were circulating in the bloodstream.   In addition, it was also observed that the CD40 protein associated with Th40 lymphocytes, resulting in the production of RAG proteins.   Subsequent to the expression of the RAG proteins, modifications in the receptor of the T cells take place, suggesting that the Th40 lymphocytes carry the ability to adapt for the entire duration of an individual’s life. The procedure of modifying the expression of the receptors of T cells that are circulating in the bloodstream has been names as TDR revision.   Research has reported that TCR revision influences the expansion of the repertoire of T lymphocytes, as well as generates T lymphocytes that are autoaggressive.   This observation therefore shows that the revision of the receptors of T cells is another method of T lymphocyte tolerance. THE DEVELOPMENT OF T LYMPHOCYTES IN THE THYMUS T lymphocytes are developed from the stem cells of the hematopoietic system which is located in the bone marrow.   These stem cells migrate from the bone marrow to the thymus, where they are expected to proliferate through the process of cell division and generate immature thymocytes.   Young thymocytes generally do not secrete any CD4 or CD8 proteins hence these cells have been described as CD4-CD8- cells. During their course of development, the young thymocytes acquire the capability of secreting CD4 and CD8 molecules and these thymocytes are now classified as CD4+CD8+ (Sakaguchi, 2000).   Further maturation of these cells involves the specific secretion of only one protein, either the CD4 or the CD8 molecule.   Once this has been determined in each thymocytes, these cells are then expelled by the thymus in order for them to circulate to the rest of the body.   Approximately 98% of the thymocytes produced by the thymus are expected to disintegrate during its maturation, resulting in only 2% of the thymocytes reaching maturity and categorically expelled by the thymus as immunocompetent T lymphocytes. Immature thymocytes that harbor the two types of antigens, CD4 and CD8, migrate into the core of the thymus in order to associate with antigens that are generated by the T lymphocyte.   These thymocytes interact with the major histocompatibility complex molecules that are present of the plasma membrane of the cells of the epithelium.   Only a specific fraction of thymocytes will be able to completely bind with the major histocompatibility complex molecules thus resulting in a signal that indicates the survival of the thymocyte. The rest of the thymocytes that were not able to achieve a complete association with the major histocompatibility complex molecules are thus classified as incapable of performing immune functions or even illicit an immune response.   This specific group of thymocytes thus undergoes the process of apoptosis, which involved the disintegration of the nucleus which eventually leads to cell death.   The cellular debris that results from the apoptotic pathway are enveloped and eaten by macrophages.   The entire process of differentiating immuno-competent from immuno-incompetent thymocytes based on the ability to illicit an immune reaction is known as positive selection. Thymocytes that endure positive selection travel towards the perimeter of the cortical and middle regions of the thymus. While situated in the middle region of the thymus, the thymocytes are presented with an antigen of its self in association with the major histocompatibility complex molecules on antigen-presenting cells (APCs), including the dendritic cells and macrophages.   Thymocytes that intensely associate with the antigen are sent a signal that induces their programmed death and the rest of the thymocytes that were first generated are trigger to disintegrate during this selection process in the thymus. A small fraction of the cells that survived is induced to develop regulatory T cells.   The other cells subsequently depart the thymus as differentiation naive T lymphocytes.   This mechanism is designated as negative selection, an essential process of immunological tolerance that controls the development of T lymphocytes that react to self cells and are able of to cause an autoimmune disease in the body of an individual (Shevach, 2000). Although the specific mechanisms of activation vary slightly between different types of T cells, the two-signal model in CD4+ T cells holds true for most. Activation of CD4+ T cells occurs through the engagement of both the T cell receptor and CD28 on the T cell by the Major histocompatibility complex peptide and B7 family members on the APC respectively. Both are required for production of an effective immune response; in the absence of CD28 co-stimulation, T cell receptor signalling alone results in anergy. The signalling pathways downstream from both CD28 and the T cell receptor involve many proteins. The first signal is provided by binding of the T cell receptor to a short peptide presented by the major histocompatibility complex (MHC) on another cell. This ensures that only a T cell with a TCR specific to that peptide is activated. The partner cell is usually a professional antigen presenting cell (APC), usually a dendritic cell in the case of naà ¯ve responses, although B cells and macrophages can be important APCs. The peptides presented to CD8+ T cells by MHC class I molecules are 8-9 amino acids in length; the peptides presented to CD4+ cells by MHC class II molecules are longer, as the ends of the binding cleft of the MHC class II molecule are open. The second signal comes from co-stimulation, in which surface receptors on the APC are induced by a relatively small number of stimuli, usually products of pathogens, but sometimes breakdown products of cells, such as necrotic-bodies or heat-shock proteins (Brunkow et al., 2001). The only co-stimulatory receptor expressed constitutively by naà ¯ve T cells is CD28, so co-stimulation for these cells comes from the CD80 and CD86 proteins on the APC. Other receptors are expressed upon activation of the T cell, such as OX40 and ICOS, but these largely depend upon CD28 for their expression. The second signal licenses the T cell to respond to an antigen. Without it, the T cell becomes anergic and it becomes more difficult for it to activate in future. This mechanism prevents inappropriate responses to self, as self-peptides will not usually be presented with suitable co-stimulation. The T cell receptor exists as a complex of several proteins. The actual T cell receptor is composed of two separate peptide chains which are produced from the independent T cell receptor alpha and beta (TCR? and TCR?) genes. The other proteins in the complex are the CD3 proteins; CD3 and CD3 heterodimers and most importantly a CD3? homodimer which has a total of six ITAM motifs. The ITAM motifs on the CD3? can be phosphorylated by Lck and in turn recruit ZAP-70. Lck and/or ZAP-70 can also phosphorylate the tyrosines on many other molecules, not least CD28, Trim, LAT and SLP-76, which allows the aggregation of signalling complexes around these proteins. Phosphorylated LAT recruits SLP-76 to the membrane, where it can then bring in PLC?, VAV1, Itk and potentially PI3K. Both PLC? and PI3K act on PI(4,5)P2 on the inner leaflet of the membrane to create the active intermediaries di-acyl glycerol (DAG), inositol-1,4,5-trisphosphate (IP3) and phosphatidlyinositol-3,4,5-trisphosphate (PIP3). DAG binds and activates some PKCs, most importantly in T cells PKC?, which is important for activating the transcription factors NF-?B and AP-1. IP3 is released from the membrane by PLC? and diffuses rapidly to activate receptors on the ER which induce the release of calcium. The released calcium then activates calcineurin, and calcineurin activates NFAT, which then translocates to the nucleus. NFAT is a transcription factor which activates the transcription of a pleiotropic set of genes, most notably IL-2, a cytokine which promotes long term proliferation of activated T cells. Overview of interactions between T cells and APCs T cells are a subset of lymphocytes that play a large role in the cell-mediated immune response of adaptive immunity. T lymphocytes are divided into 2 major classes distinguished by the expression of the cell surface molecules CD4 or CD8. CD8 cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTLs) primarily destroy virus-infected cells whereasCD4 helper T lymphocytes are involved in activating B cells and macrophages. The response of both classes of T lymphocytes is dependent on interactions through the T cell receptor (TCR) and coreceptors (CD4 or CD8) with target APCs that present peptides in the context of MHC class I or class II molecules. MHC class I and class II molecules are structurally similar but differ in their source of antigenic peptide and in the transport mechanisms for their peptides. Class I MHC molecules present self peptides or viral products from the cytosol to CD8 T lymphocytes, whereas MHC class II molecules present peptides from pathogens that either reside or were endocytosed into intracellular compartments (Fontenot and Rudensky, 2005). T cells are activated on encountering antigen, which results in either lysis of target cells by CD8 T lymphocytes or recruitment of other effector cells by CD4 cells.   Modulation of the plasma membrane alters the T cell Ca2+ response.   A series of studies from showedthat unsaturated free fatty acids (FFAs) could inhibit specific aspects of cytotoxic T cell function by perturbing membranes.   Initially, it was shown that short-term exposure of murine allogeneic effector T cells to low levels of unsaturated FFAs (10 mol/L), including PUFAs, inhibited lysis of target APCs. The change in lysis of target cells was a direct consequence of the FFA added to the CTLs, because lysis could be inhibited by extracting the unsaturated FFA with bovine serum albumin before CTL-target conjugation. Specific aspects of T cell function inhibited by unsaturated lipids included the initial rise in intracellular [Ca2+] on conjugate formation, protein phosphorylation events and subsequent CTL esterase release.   On the other hand, release of inositol phosphates and binding to target cells were unaffected. Because the inhibition in CTL calcium release linearly correlated with the decrease in membrane acyl chain order induced by the presence of increasing unsaturation in the plasma membrane , it was hypothesized that modulation of membrane structure affected T cell Ca2+ signaling. References Balandina A, Lecart S, Dartevelle P, Saoudi A and Berrih-Aknin S (2005):   Functional defect of regulatory CD4( )CD25 T cells in the thymus of patients with autoimmune myasthenia gravis. Blood   105:735–741. Brunkow ME, Jeffery EW, Hjerrild KA, Paeper B, Clark LB, Yasayko SA, Wilkinson JE, Galas D, Ziegler SF and Ramsdell F (2001):   Disruption of a new forkhead/winged-helix protein, scurfin, results in the fatal lymphoproliferative disorder of the scurfy mouse. Nat. Genet.   27:68–73. Fontenot JD, Gavin MA and Rudensky AY (2003):   Foxp3 programs the development and function of CD4-CD25 regulatory T cells. Nat. Immunol.   4:330–336. Fontenot JD and Rudensky AY (2005):   A well adapted regulatory contrivance:   Regulatory T cell development and the forkhead family transcription factor Foxp3. Nat. Immunol. 6:331–337. Hori S, Nomura T and Sakaguchi S (2003):   Control of regulatory T cell development by the transcription factor Foxp3. Science 299:1057–1061 Khattri R, Cox T, Yasayko SA and Ramsdell F (2003):   An essential role for Scurfin in CD4-CD25 T regulatory cells. Nat. Immunol.   4:337–342. Miura Y, Thoburn CJ, Bright EC, Phelps ML, Shin T, Matsui EC, Matsui WH, Arai S, Fuchs EJ and Vogelsang GB (2004):   Association of Foxp3 regulatory gene expression with graft-versus-host disease. Blood   104:2187–2193. Sakaguchi S (2000):   Regulatory T cells: key controllers of immunologic self-tolerance.   Cell 101:455–458. Shevach EM (2000): Regulatory T cells in autoimmmunity. Annu. Rev. Immunol.   18:423–449. Wildin RS, Ramsdell F, Peake J, Faravelli F, Casanova JL, Buist N, Levy-Lahad E, Mazzella M, Goulet O and Perroni L (2001): X-linked neonatal diabetes mellitus, enteropathy and endocrinopathy syndrome is the human equivalent of mouse scurfy. Nat. Genet.   27:18–20.

Reasons Nora Helmer Must Leave Her Husband in Henrik Ibsens A Doll Hou

Reasons Nora Helmer Must Leave Her Husband in Henrik Ibsen's A Doll House Foreward: Henrik Ibsen's A Doll House (aka A Doll's House) is so rich in moral, political, and metaphysical (if one is to regard such matters as "selfhood" and "identity" as metaphysical) insights and criticisms that it is hard to imagine how one could absorb it all in one sitting. Its moral message was very bold in its day and remains so in the more slowly progressing parts of the world, like North America. Institutions move faster than attitudes (at least in times of progressive, interventionist governance) and there are many lag-minded relics who still don't understand why equal-rights legislation has had to be passed or what "all the fuss" has been about regarding racial, sexual (in terms of gender and orientation), and social discontent. To some readers, the play may represent an old regime and an antiquated system of values and expectations. However, the fact that still other readers do not see the necessity of Nora's leaving Helmer, and in fact go so far as to condemn her, sho ws that this system is not as dead as one might hope. That Nora's case requires pleading in this day and age is regrettable. Yet, here is her case. Thesis: Nora Helmer must leave her husband and children for their sake, for her own sake, and for the sake of society. The following assumes familiarity with the details of the play. That she must leave for the good of Torvald: He must learn manners. Despite all, he deserves not to be lied to or played to. He needs to be told he is a pompous ass before he reforms. If Nora were to stay with him after telling him off, she would feel pity and recant. Bullies are always sulks when they are confronted. As soon as she began cod... ... Pearsall, Marilyn, ed. Women and Values: Readings in Recent Feminist Philosophy. Third Edition. Toronto: Wadsworth Publishing Company, 1999. 1 "P is true because S says so", where 'P' is some proposition and 'S' is some sort of supposed authority on the matter, is not a valid argument in any case. The truth-value of P is an entirely separate matter from the identity of S. Appeal to tradition, which could be called the fallacy of conservatism, takes the form "P is true because it is what has been traditionally been believed". P could be something like, "A woman's place is in the home," which would be false no matter who believed it. This assumes acceptance of the notion that no one has a "place" other than that which they choose. 2That is, all are free to decide/discover what happiness is for them. It may not be what tradition tells them it should.

Classic Drucker Book Report

Classic Drucker Book Report Recently, I had the pleasure of reading â€Å"Classic Drucker†. The book contains 15 articles from Peter Drucker that were printed in the â€Å"Harvard Business Review†. I chose a few takeaways with an explanation on why I chose them and how they can apply to your career. 1. â€Å"Whenever you make a key decision, write it down. † Next to it, write down what you expect the end result will be. † As you compile these decisions, review each on after an extended period of time.You will be surprised of your results and over time you may get increasingly accurate on your expected results. 2. â€Å"Mathematicians are born, but everyone can learn trigonometry. † Some people are just naturally more intelligent than others but at the same time, we can learn some of the components of what they know, and know those components just as much as they can. 3. â€Å"Manners enable two people to work together whether they like each other or not. † The words â€Å"please† and â€Å"thanks† go a long way in the business world. I even go as far as saying thanks when someone gives me a new assignment.At times they seem surprised but to be genuinely appreciative will show commitment to the team. 4. â€Å"Too many people work in ways that are not their ways, and that almost guarantees nonperformance†. Your peers may have work habits that are not the same as yours but that doesn't make them non productive. Productivity revolves around results, not one's arrival time, or the fact that a person prefers to wear headphones while they work. 5. â€Å"To be effective in an organization, a person's values must be compatible with the organization's values†.I interpreted this to mean, I am going to be much more successful if my values are aligned with my companies. Doing so will ensure that I am committed and passionate about my work, which has a better chance of leading to success. I wouldn't feel co mfortable working for a company that practiced in lying and cheating to achieve its objectives. 6. â€Å"It is incumbent on the people who work with them (bosses) to observer them, to find out how they work, and to adapt themselves to what makes their bosses more effective†.It has always been a goal of mine to keep all of my work off my boss’s plate, and to take responsibility for everything involving the products that I work on. The entire product might not be my responsibility but the more I can take on, the more my boss can be strategic. 7. â€Å"The theory of business becomes â€Å"culture. † But culture is no substitute for discipline, and the theory of the business is a discipline†. A company with a good culture that you are comfortable with might not necessarily relate to results.Culture doesn't necessarily meet deadlines. Tasks and rules seem to have a better chance of meeting guidelines than â€Å"family business†. 8. â€Å"All events but the truly unique require a generic solution†. I think of how the Product Development Process that has recently been applied to all of the products where I work and how every single one fits in at some phase of that process. The products had a problem being completed. Now we see the end with the implementation of a generic process. 9. Temps are a good way to avoid rules and regulations for employers.A highly trained temp can do the job without the corporate commitment and the need to adhere to hiring/firing HR standards that apply to every day employees. The employees are also easily manageable since many of them are already managed by their agencies. 10. â€Å"Leadership knows something someone else doesn't†. This is the most important takeaway for me. Some people think leadership means type-a personality or being stern, but knowledge truly is power. Knowing something someone else doesn't puts you in the front, with an opportunity to teach and display, some functions o f what many people consider leaders.

Active and Passive Verb Form

Active / Passive Verb Forms Sentences can be active or passive. Therefore, tenses also have â€Å"active forms† and â€Å"passive forms. † You must learn to recognize the difference to successfully speak English. Active Form In active sentences, the thing doing the action is the subject of the sentence and the thing receiving the action is the object. Most sentences are active. Basic form: [Thing doing action] + [verb] + [thing receiving action] Examples: – The professor teaches the students – Jonh washes the dishes. Passive FormIn passive sentences, the thing receiving the action is the subject of the sentence and the thing doing the action is optionally included near the end of the sentence. You can use the passive form if you think that the thing receiving the action is more important or should be emphasized. You can also use the passive form if you do not know who is doing the action or if you do not want to mention who is doing the action. Basic form [Thing receiving action] + [be] + [past participle of verb] + [by] + [thing doing action] |Active |Passive | |Simple Present |Once a week, Tom cleans the house. |Once a week, the house is cleaned by Tom. | |Present Continuous |Right now, Sarah is writing the letter. |Right now, the letter is being written by Sarah. | |Simple Past |Sam repaired the car. |The car was repaired by Sam. |Past Continuous |The salesman was helping the customer when the thief came into the |The customer was being helped by the salesman when the thief came into the | | |store. |store. | |Present Perfect |Many tourists have visited that castle. |That castle has been visited by many tourists. | |Present Perfect Continuous |Recently, John has been doing the work. |Recently, the work has been being done by John. |Past Perfect |George had repaired many cars before he received his mechanic's |Many cars had been repaired by George before he received his mechanic's | | |license. |license. | |Past Perfect Continuo us |Chef Jones had been preparing the restaurant's fantastic dinners for |The restaurant's fantastic dinners had been being prepared by Chef Jones for | | |two years before he moved to Paris. two years before he moved to Paris. | |Simple Future |Someone will finish the work by 5:00 PM. |The work will be finished by 5:00 PM. | |will | | | |Simple Future |Sally is going to make a beautiful dinner tonight. A beautiful dinner is going to be made by Sally tonight. | |be going to | | | |Future Continuous |At 8:00 PM tonight, John will be washing the dishes. |At 8:00 PM tonight, the dishes will be being washed by John. |will | | | |Future Continuous |At 8:00 PM tonight, John is going to be washing the dishes. |At 8:00 PM tonight, the dishes are going to be being washed by John. |be going to | | | |Future Perfect |They will have completed the project before the deadline. |The project will have been completed before the deadline. |be going to | | | |Future Perfect Continuous |They are going to have completed the project before the deadline. |The project is going to have been completed before the deadline. |will | | | |Future Perfect Continuous |The famous artist will have been painting the mural for over six |The mural will have been being painted by the famous artist for over six | |be going to |months by the time it is finished. months by the time it is finished. | |Used to |Jerry used to pay the bills. |The bills used to be paid by Jerry. | |Would Always |My mother would always make the pies. |The pies would always be made by my mother. | |Future in the Past |I knew John would finish the work by 5:00 PM. |I knew the work would be finished by 5:00 PM. |Would | | | |Future in the Past |I thought Sally was going to make a beautiful dinner tonight. |I thought a beautiful dinner was going to be made by Sally tonight. | |Was Going to | | |

Protecting the Innocent essays

Protecting the Innocent essays Capital punishment should be abolished in the United States. There may have been a time when capital punishment was needed and acceptable, but that time is far behind us. The concepts and beliefs supporting capital punishment are outdated and have no place in our modern society. There is no longer a need to perform executions to maintain a safe society. There are two opposing viewpoints on the issue of capital punishment, and both present strong arguments with valid points. One side maintains that capital punishment is an ethical response to crime, and the opposing side believes capital punishment is not an ethical legal action. Undeniably capital punishment does offer some advantages to our society, such as deterrence and incapacitation. However both of these can be gained without the death penalty. There is no proof that the death penalty is a deterrent to criminals, and incapacitation can be achieved by sentencing offenders to life in prison. A common misconception is that executing an offender costs less than life long imprisonment. The cost of apparatus and maintenance of the procedures attending the death penalty, including death row and the endless appeals and legal machinery, far outweighs the expense of maintaining in prison the tiny fraction of criminals who would otherwise be slain (Draper 46). A report issued in1998 by the Judicial Conference of the United States found the cost of sentencing a defendant to the death penalty is higher than imprisoning the accused for life. This is due to the high cost of providing representation in federal death penalty cases (www.uscourts.gov/dpenalty.htm). Cases involving the death penalty take longer to prosecute and therefore have higher costs than other cases. The state is usually responsible for paying the accused legal fees, as most cannot afford a lawyer. Some legal firms do handle capital punishment cases pro bono but the majority of defendants are un...

HOW FREE FEDERAL GOVERNMENT WEBSITES HELP YOUR WRITING

HOW FREE FEDERAL GOVERNMENT WEBSITES HELP YOUR WRITING The federal government sponsors top-notch websites free for the searching. But why search the federal government websites instead of just googling your question? The answer lies in quality. These websites contain trusted sources and the top experts in their fields.   Of course, non-fiction writers should be acquainted with them, but they can also aid the fiction writer who has a question/problem. Once you choose a website, the searching process is guided so you don’t have to be a subject expert yourself to use them. A sampling of these free subject databases and examples appears below. Multidisciplinary:   http://usa.gov   A primary source for access to U.S. government documents. It is a â€Å"portal† which searches all agency documents at once in a unified way. As an example of how a fiction writer would use usa.gov, maybe Hope Clark’s Carolina Slade would need to know about the disease that killed Jesse Rawlings’ hogs. Just search â€Å"domesticated hogs diseases South Carolina† for a possible answer. As an added bonus, the portal lists U.S. government grants. Just enter â€Å"grants writers† and your state name. Criminal Justice: National Criminal Justice Reference Service https://www.ncjrs.gov/app/abstractdb/abstractdbsearch.aspxNCJRS services and resources are available to anyone interested in crime, victim assistance, and public safety including policymakers, practitioners, researchers, educators, community leaders, and the general public. Authors of murder mysteries can find source material here, for example, the murder rate in Detroit or any major city. Education: ERIC eric.ed.gov/ERIC is the world’s largest collection of education literature, containing more than 1 million records of journal articles, research, reports, curriculum and teaching guides, conference papers, books, and more and more full text. It covers preschool through higher education. An example of its use might be to find the relationship of an autistic child with his classmates for a character study. Medicine: There are two excellent medical databases MedlinePlus nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/and PUBMED ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/ MedlinePlus is the National Institutes of Healths website for patients and their families and friends. It brings the layperson information about diseases, conditions, and wellness issues. MedlinePlus offers reliable, up-to-date health information. It helps you learn about the latest treatments, look up information on a drug or supplement, find out the meanings of words, or view medical videos or illustrations. You can also get links to the latest medical research on your topic or find out about clinical trials on a disease or condition. This source is especially good for drug side effects and overdose information, again for those murder mysteries. Find the lethal dose of a drug for a fictitious poisoning. It contains medical encyclopedias for diseases your characters may suffer. More technical than MedlinePlus, PubMed comprises more than 21 million   records for

Women Inequality and Development in Middle East Essay

Women Inequality and Development in Middle East - Essay Example This essay stresses that there are many ethnic groups residing in the Middle Eastern countries but unluckily all of them have similar though patterns of male dominating society. Men feel a sense of satisfaction if they pressurize their female counter parts. That is the reason behind a suppressive behavior for the women of Middle East. The conservative thoughts of the people have narrow down the space for women to survive in their families, society and generally in the state. There are even some severe cases of sexual violence in some states of the Middle East. The violence is not only sexually abusive, moreover it also affect mental and behavioral aspect of any woman. This mental and physical torture may cause a depression in the females and thus their skills and potential capabilities will also be disturbed. The women should raise their voices against this brutal social and cultural practice of the Middle Eastern male dominant societies. The world will consider the women rights if w omen themselves stand against them. This paper makes a conclusion that religion’s teachings are also very important but still culture has its own importance for shaping the people’s behavior in this regard. In case of Middle Eastern countries, the cultural values are dominating over the religious values and norms. The worst situation is that people even are not aware of their religious teachings and they are just following the cultural practices in their lives.

The Problems and Challenges in Developing Teams Research Paper

The Problems and Challenges in Developing Teams - Research Paper Example This requires extensive group activities and teamwork. Moreover, multinational organizations also require collaborating efforts of people located in a wide variety of geographic locations. Thus teamwork may also constitute people belonging to different nations. Thus it is seen that the overall performance and productivity of organizations fall short in the absence of proper management and development of teams. The present project discusses the situation and condition of teamwork and development at British Airways which is one of the largest airlines in England. The organization has confronted with challenging situations on account of the varying environmental and business conditions but has successfully overcome hurdles through proper and effective teamwork and development. Organizational Analysis- Context and Scenario leading to the problems of Team Roles and Team Development in the organization British Airways demonstrated tremendous failures in its self managed teams during the 19 90s. This is because of the fact that its team members lacked proper people management skills (McCann, â€Å"Introduction†). Following are the details of the context and scenario in British Airways which group work and team development failed. Person Sex Age Position Character AB M 35 Project Manager Autocratic leadership style that reinforces decisions and choices. Sociable, Extrovert. Pays little heed to people’s concerns, issues, views or suggestions CD M 32 Software Developer Highly knowledgeable and skilled worker, friendly yet introverted, conscientious; prefers to interact with computers rather than with people EF M 30 Software Developer Medium level of knowledge of technical aspects, people oriented, quick learner, extrovert and bubbly. Good listener and puts work first and self-aspects later GH M 28 Software Developer Unsociable, prefers to work on his own terms without being guided or directed; Concerned with his won work objectives and individual task accomp lishments rather than the tasks of the group at large. The above table mentions the characteristics of the different team members working under a single project manager. The main implication on the manager is the fact the members differ distinctly from one another in terms of their nature and behaviors. On the other hand, the manager himself displays an authoritarian autocratic style of leadership which members find difficult to handle. The fact that he imposes his own decisions and choices with regards to work activities and strategies is crucial for the team which comprises of members who are adequately knowledgeable and prefers to work as per their own understanding and decisions. Here, arises another problem.  Ã‚  

Philosophy Statement Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Philosophy Statement - Assignment Example eedback from students, evaluating unique academic performance, motivating and addressing weaknesses, and reporting to authorized personnel (school administrators, parents, care givers) the outcomes of academic reviews and performance of students, as required. Roles/Responsibilities of the Learner: Learners have roles and responsibilities that are diverse and multidimensional. Learners are expected to assume the roles of active participants, as collaborative members of the learning environment, as a source for constructive feedback. Their responsibilities include â€Å"dialogue and interactions with peers and teachers, practical investigations, performances, oral presentations and discussions† (Education Scotland, n.d., p. 1), among others. Beliefs about Teaching: Good teaching is viewed as being able to practice what one preaches. By being a role model to students, good teachers could effectively impart lessons that could be emulated by students through the values and manifestations of actions that are consistent with good morals and ethical codes of conduct. On the other hand, bad teaching simply exhibits actions and delivery of academic information that are contrary to the standards of ethical and moral practices expected of the profession. Beliefs about Learning: Learning happens in progressive stages and could be enforced through motivating students in a conducive learning environment. Learning is most effective when teachers design strategies that encourage participation of students and acknowledge their contribution to the learning environment. Prejudice, discrimination, restricting encouragement and freedom of expression and exhibiting inequality across gender, ethnic and cultural background definitely make learning less effective. Applications in Language Classroom: Given the beliefs and philosophies in teaching, one would strive to promote equality and the integration of diversity in culture in one’s language classroom to focus on the unique

Connecting And Comparing Literature English Literature Essay

Connecting And Comparing Literature English Literature Essay For the final essay, two short stories and one poem will be used to illustrate comparisons by looking at the characters as their respective authors describe them, and how this is used to draw readers into their stories and poems. The two stories being used are, A Rose For Emily, by William Faulkner, and The Bride Comes to Yellow Sky, by Stephen Crane. The poem being used is, The Road Not Taken, by Robert Frost. Conflict and prejudice will be highlighted as the common thread among the three works. Comparison will come from using the characters in the stories and poem, and how the authors use descriptive writing to draw their readers into the stories and poem. In A Rose For Emily, the description of Miss Emilys house by William Faulkner is a big square frame house that had once been white (DiYanni, 2007), and how Miss Emily looked as she walked in to the meeting with the Board of Aldermen, a small, fat woman in black, with a thin gold chain descending to her waist and vanishing into her belt, leaning on an ebony cane with a tarnished gold head (DiYanni, 2007). The end of the story finds William Faulkner giving great detail about the body of Miss Emilys suitor Homer Barron and the room decked and furnished for a bridal night, and how the body of Homer was described as fleshless and once laid as if it were in an embrace, how he had rotted beneath his nightshirt (DiYanni, 2007). The vivid description allows one to get a clear view of the room and the decomposed body of Homer. When he writes about the indention on the pillow as if someone had laid their head there and then they find the strands of grey or silver hair, one can visualize Miss Em ily lying next to Homer in a macabre way. The style of writing William Faulkner uses in this story, allows him to navigate among many points of view within the story. William Faulkners use of third person allows for flashbacks and the ability to dig deeper into the history of the town. By also using symbolic language such as referring to Emily as Miss Emily (DiYanni, 2007), William Faulkner is able to send the reader back in time when the story actually takes place. This allows the reader to get a better understanding of the larger issues that were at play in the South around the turn of the century. The language used in The Road Not Taken by Robert Frost is quite moving. Robert Frost speaks of approaching a fork in the road. He must choose which road to proceed down. He chooses the one that appears less traveled only to find that it is traveled about the same as the other road. Robert Frosts subtle use of description when he refers to the two roads being about the same, lets one know that they may be close, but not exact. Many of the roads chosen in life look very similar at the entrance but change quite often as they are traveled. His use of the word sigh and difference in the fourth stanza can mean either positive or negative feelings, but since the author mentions that nothing will be known until the future, we do not know which effect these words mean. Robert Frost speaks of possibly coming back to travel the first road at a later date but doubts this as life is too short. Robert Frost infers that he will report back on his travels down the second road at some point in the f uture. The character in this poem must choose a road to take without knowing where it may lead. In A Rose For Emily, Miss Emily had to make a choice as well. Her choice was to poison Homer to keep him from leaving. Another part of the poem that connects to Miss Emily is where her decisions would lead. This could be what Miss Emily was thinking when poisoning Homer. Emily may have thought briefly as to what the town would say about her actions. Perhaps this is why she kept him upstairs in the bedroom so she had him with her at all times even though he was not a living breathing being he was still with her. As long as she kept him hidden in the house, and made it look as though he would marry her, the townspeople would be satisfied. Many questions arise with the story as to why Miss Emily would do this. Perhaps Miss Emily thought she would not die alone. Even though she could not talk to Homer he would be there with her when she died. The poem also relates to The Bride Comes to Yellow Sky. Jack had choices to make in The Bride Comes to Yellow Sky that included whether to leave town and get married, tell the townspeople before he left, tell them before he returned, and whether or not to return to Yellow Sky after the fact. I think the part of the poem where he states, I took the one less traveled (DiYanni, 2007), could describe the choices of Jack and his bride as they boarded the train. How Jack went to San Antonio and married a girl he thought he loved without letting the townspeople of Yellow Sky know what he was doing could be compared to the line in the poem, I shall be telling this with a sigh, somewhere ages and ages hence (DiYanni, 2007). Jacks escape route from the train station in Yellow Sky would involve the choice of two roads. The first would have been to get off the train and face the town. The one Jack chose was the second road or choice which was to plan his escape from the train to avoid being seen by the townspeople before he could come up with a plan to introduce his bride. Just as Miss Emily loved Homer, Jack loved his bride and married her whether the townspeople would like it or not and Jack loved his town, but loved his bride more so he married her without talking to the towns people. There are many correlations between Jack and his bride and between Emily and Homer. Both Jack and Emily are in love with their significant other, and both Jack and Emily choose the road of deceit. Jack keeps his marriage a secret from the town and Emily keeps the death of Homer a secret from the town. The two short stories chosen connect in a way that shows the reader how people judge and are prejudice towards others. In the story, The Bride Comes to Yellow Sky, there are several prejudices in the story. For instance when the porter bullied them with skills in ways that did not make it plain to them that they were being bullied (DiYanni, 2007). The porter on the train treated them with all the unconquerable kind of snobbery. He oppressed them in a way they had small knowledge of him doing so (DiYanni, 2007). In the story, A Rose for Emily, the towns people thought the Griersons were snobs in their own right, the towns people thought the Griersons held themselves a little too high for what they really were (DiYanni, 2007). Another part of the story finds Miss Emilys neighbor complaining to the judge about the smell coming from Miss Emilys house. She relates to Miss Emily as a high and mighty Grierson, and wants the judge to do something about the smell coming from the house (DiYann i, 2007). When Miss Emilys father dies, the towns people are glad in a way, saying Miss Emily would somehow now be humanized and learn what it was like to live on little money (DiYanni, 2007). It seems Faulkner and Crane must have been treated with some type of prejudice in their life. Perhaps Faulkner and Crane were prejudice towards others also. One could speculate that both of these writers reflect many personal life experiences in their writings. Prejudice has been around for so long that it may never completely go away. It is sad that people have to deal with this in their everyday lives, and one could argue that this is what makes some stronger and makes others weaker. The stories here both take place in the South, which would make sense as the South is still noted for harboring prejudices. Both authors speak with an apparent knowledge of the South Even though one of them was not born there. Stephen Crane spent quite some time in the South and found the people and towns very interesting. He was originally from New Jersey and instantly fell in love with a woman from Florida. This could have led to his writing about Jacks instant love for his bride from San Antonio. William Faulkner came from a traditional southern family and grew up in Mississippi. Being from the south, his writing knowledge and style are ever present in his stories. He describes southern family traits and customs that are still used today. Some of these would be the hospitality and community atmosphere. Communities do not only affect the language of the author but they also can provide the community of the authors work. Some communities act like an extended family and an author may want to show that aspect. Sometimes an author may wish to write about a close-knit community that knows everyone elses business. Often a writer will write about their community, illustrating certain cultural aspects that they hold dear. All of these can be examples of the writers community coming to life in their own stories. In A Rose for Emily (DiYanni, 2007), William Faulkner shows a community that is very involved with each other. They are constantly talking about what Miss Emily does, what she says, and whom she sees. William Faulkner speaks for the community using the pronoun, we, throughout the story. He describes how the community reacts to Homer Barron trying to court her, At first we were glad that Miss Emily would have an interestà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ (p. 82). Everyone becomes very interested in Miss Emilys love life. When she buys poison they become worried that she was dumped and will now commit suicide. Then they hear that she bought things for a man and they become happy for her again. This is probably an example of the type of people William Faulkner was around. Another example of a community that is close comes from; The Bride Comes to Yellow Sky. In this story the marshal, Jack Potter, is illustrated as a very important figure in his community. Because he is a prominent figure he feels he committed a crime by leaving Yellow Sky to get married. Additionally, the townspeople speak kindly of the marshal when a former outlaw, Scratchy Wilson, goes on a drunken rampage, I wish Jack Potter was back from San Antonà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ (p. 487). Jack is responsible for taking care of Scratchy when he gets drunk. Stephen Crane lived briefly in the Old West and more than likely witnessed similar events to that of Scratchy Wilson. Many people have been told they would never make anything of their lives by someone who had judged them before they knew whom they were. They then go on to prove them wrong by getting a degree and making for themselves a good life.    This is what makes so many of the writers stories relevant to their readers. They are able to draw the readers in using some of their own life experiences, which make the readings more interesting and can help the reader relate to the stories. It also enables the reader to become a part of the story. The readers can actually place themselves as a character in the story because many have had some type of prejudice directed towards them at some point in their lives. If one has ever lived in small town America, the description of how the towns people act in both stories The Bride Comes to Yellow Sky and A Rose for Emily are right on the money. Being one from a small town, it reminds me of both stories on how people judge marriage, there is something wrong with a person if they are not married by a certain age and then if some of the elders in the town do not approve of the marriage comments are made. Both stories in so many ways compare to life in small towns, where people have nothing better to do than to spy on someone to see what they can gossip about. As a youth, it did not matter which friends home your were visiting, the adults in that home were your surrogate parents while you were there. Even today, people are watched and dissected according to what they do and dont do as it relates to what is expected. Robert Frost was born on the west coast and then moved to the east coast. His poems deal more with his life in New England and with rural America. His life was hard and riddled with death and depression. Only two of his kids outlived him. His struggle with life and the many crossroads he faced are evident in his poem, The Road Not taken. Reading this poem reminds me of the fact that I am at a fork in the road and I have chosen my path. At this time, I do not know where this road will lead, but am anxious to find out. I found Frosts poem to be very tricky and very deep. The more I read it, the more I enjoyed it. I may have to save this one as it really spoke to me about choices we make. I found myself apprehensive at the beginning of this class. My ability to read and hopefully interpret poems has expanded since starting this course. I was never much into poems, but at least I am beginning to feel as though I can understand what the author is saying through the use of imagery and elements. As this class has progressed I have found through the readings in the class that I enjoyed most of the readings. I have found I now read with an open mind and do not judge a book, short story, poem, or play by its title. I read a story through and then read it again and find that it makes more sense the second time around. In conclusion, I feel the two short stories and one poem I chose can be compared in many different aspects. The three of them tie in very well with each other through conflict and prejudice. Even though the authors come from similar, but different backgrounds of life, they all wrote with their life experiences in mind. The authors had a talent for drawing readers into their stories and poems and kept the readers attention throughout the readings.

Thinking Aloud Essay -- Reading Education Learning Essays

Thinking Aloud Reading comprehension may be the most important skill for any student to acquire and is therefore an area of particular interest to educators. Without adequate comprehension skills, students are limited in their reading, analytical and occupational abilities. To many, including the student’s themselves, comprehension or â€Å"good reading† skills begin and end with simple decoding. It is thought that if students can ‘read’ and define the vocabulary they are reading, then they also comprehend what is read. True comprehension goes far beyond decoding, however. True comprehension requires visualization of a text, predicting events in the text, making inferences about the text and clarifying what is not understood about the text in order to lead to higher level thought processes such as personally connecting with the text. Reluctant, beginning or low-skilled readers often do not have the ability to visualize, predict, inference or clarify what they are reading and so they do not truly comprehend what the text is or what it means. Too often, these readers do not understand that â€Å"good readers† go through a series of mental processes in order to comprehend the text in ways which the low-level readers never even imagined. As educators, it is our job to show reluctant, beginning or low-skilled readers what these processes are and how they work in an attempt to boost the self-confidence and independence of these readers. One excellent way to set about this is through a strategy called a â€Å"Think Aloud†. The â€Å"Think Aloud† strategy is a teaching strategy which goes beyond teacher lecturing and is actually an exchange between teacher and student. First, the teacher demonstrates and encourages t... ...pecially designed to help dependent, beginning or low-level readers to see and understand exactly what it is that â€Å"good readers† do. Showing them this breaks down barriers which the students have built up against reading and comprehension. Most of all, the Think- Aloud is a more than sufficient method for giving students the skills they need to succeed in any reading situation they may encounter, whether it be in Social Studies class or the all important, ever watchful, standardized test. Works Cited Beers, Kylene. When Kids Can’t Read: What Teachers Can Do. Portsmouth, New Hampshire: Heinemann, 2003. Oster, Leslie. â€Å"Using the Think-Aloud for Reading Instruction.† The Reading Teacher 55 (September 2001): 64- 9. Wilhelm, Jeffrey D. â€Å"Think Alouds Boost Reading Comprehension.† Instructor 111 (2001): 26-8.

Evaluate the View That the Separation of Ownership

Evaluate the view that the separation of ownership from control in large firms inevitably leads to diseconomies of scale. The separation of ownership from control can be defined as the situation in which the shareholders of a firm do not manage or control it. The shareholders of large publicly owned have no controlling interest and hence the managers and directors run the organisation. Diseconomies of scale can be described as the increase in the long term average cost of production as the scale of operation increases.It can be argued that the separation of ownership from control can lead to diseconomies of scale due to the lack of communication between managers and shareholders, hence inefficiency and averages costs increase. But it could also be argued that large firms can also benefit from economies of scale whilst being operated through the separation of ownership from control the diseconomies of scale are not always ‘inevitable’ as described above. Firstly, the sepa ration of ownership from control can lead to managerial diseconomies of scale.The power the shareholders have over the disciplining and monitoring of its executive management is reduced and as a result of this, managers may cause inefficiency by pursuing certain objectives for their own self-interest and at the expense of the shareholders. If the managers of the firm are measured and rewarded on achievement of growth targets rather than profit and return to shareholders then they may lose focus on cost control e. g. supplier costs and as a result this could drive up the average costs of production.This would have a bigger impact on large firms due to the scale of production. The costs will be felt on a much larger scale, particularly if this culture affects the way the whole of the business operates not just one business area. The extent on the managerial diseconomies of scale will depend on the objectives of the managers. If their personal targets are to ensure high business perfor mance, then this increase in average cost may not be felt as they may aim to increase productive efficiency to maximise profit and dividends to shareholders.Conversely, although diseconomies of scale may persist in a large firm, the separation of ownership of control may not necessarily be the cause of it. There are other factors that may have contributed to the firm experiencing diseconomies of scale. The rapid growth of a firm may cause the employees to feel alienated if they feel that they aren’t valued as an individual. As a result of this, the productivity of demotivated employees may fall and the roductive efficiency of the firm will decrease, therefore increasing the average cost for each unit of output. The diseconomies of scale may also be caused by the inability for a firm to monitor the productivity of every one of its employees. The lack of supervision resulting from the size of the company and scale of production may mean that employees are not working to their o ptimum level of output or utilizing resources efficiently and this could result in wasted resources e. . From employee errors. Therefore the average cost of producing one unit of output increases. Although, there is not really an easy way to determine the exact cause of the diseconomies of scale. In the short term, it may cost more for the business to alter the way it operates to reduce the average costs. The rate of growth and output may mean that the business is not prepared to change its operations whilst it is generating such a large amount of revenue.In conclusion, I don’t think that separation of ownership from control will inevitably lead to diseconomies of scale for a large firm. Rapid growth is more likely to cause a business to experience them rather than the lack of control for shareholders of the firm. The most costly resources for a firm are employees and premises. The diseconomies of scale that a firm may experience may be due to the increase of overheads from t he rapid expansion before the increased volume profit and volume can be realised in the long term.Although the lack of control for shareholders may initially contribute to a rise in average costs as a firm expands (assuming that the managers want to operate the firm in a way that will meet their personal targets increase their salaries rather than maximise the return for the firm), the increase in average costs should be a short term phenomenon due to rapid increases in volume it should be outweighed by economies of scale generated from buying in large quantities.